نتیجه، چگونگی تأثیر تغییرات آب و هوا بر طول روز و اعتبار ابزارهای مدلسازی آب و هوا را روشن میکند
تیمی از اخترفیزیکدانان در دانشگاه تورنتو (U of T) نشان دادند که چگونه طولانی شدن آهسته و پیوسته روز زمین ناشی از کشش جزر و مدی ماه برای بیش از یک میلیارد سال متوقف شد.
آنها نشان می دهند که از حدود دو میلیارد سال پیش تا 600 میلیون سال پیش، جزر و مد جوی که توسط خورشید هدایت می شد، با اثر ماه مقابله کرد و سرعت چرخش زمین را ثابت نگه داشت و طول روز را در 19.5 ساعت ثابت نگه داشت.
بدون این مکث میلیارد ساله در کاهش سرعت چرخش سیاره ما، روز 24 ساعته کنونی ما به بیش از 60 ساعت خواهد رسید.
مطالعه ای که نتیجه را توصیف می کند، «چرا روز 24 ساعت است. تاریخ جزر و مد حرارتی اتمسفر زمین، ترکیب و دمای متوسط زمین، امروز در مجله Science Advances منتشر شد . دانشمندان با تکیه بر شواهد زمین شناسی و با استفاده از ابزارهای تحقیقاتی جوی نشان می دهند که بن بست جزر و مدی بین خورشید و ماه ناشی از ارتباط اتفاقی اما بسیار پیامد بین دمای جو و سرعت چرخش زمین است.
نویسندگان مقاله عبارتند از نورمن موری، اخترفیزیکدان نظری با مؤسسه اخترفیزیک نظری کانادا (CITA). دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد Hanbo Wu، CITA و گروه فیزیک، U of T; کریستن منو، دیوید ا. جرمی لاکونت، آزمایشگاه فیزیک نجومی بوردو و عضو سابق فوق دکترای CITA. و کریستوفر لی، گروه فیزیک، U of T.
زمانی که ماه برای اولین بار حدود 4.5 میلیارد سال پیش شکل گرفت، طول روز کمتر از 10 ساعت بود. اما از آن زمان، کشش گرانشی ماه بر روی زمین، چرخش سیاره ما را کند کرده است و در نتیجه روز به طور فزایندهای طولانیتر میشود. امروزه با سرعتی حدود 1.7 میلی ثانیه در هر قرن افزایش می یابد.
ماه با کشیدن اقیانوسهای زمین، چرخش سیاره را کند میکند و برآمدگیهای جزر و مدی در طرفهای مخالف سیاره ایجاد میکند که ما آن را به صورت جزر و مد بالا و پایین تجربه میکنیم. کشش گرانشی ماه روی آن برآمدگی ها، به علاوه اصطکاک بین جزر و مد و کف اقیانوس، مانند یک ترمز بر روی سیاره در حال چرخش ما عمل می کند.
موری می گوید: «نور خورشید نیز جزر و مد جوی با همان نوع برآمدگی ایجاد می کند. گرانش خورشید این برآمدگیهای جوی را میکشد و گشتاوری روی زمین تولید میکند. اما به جای اینکه چرخش زمین را مانند ماه کند کند، سرعت آن را افزایش میدهد.»
در بیشتر تاریخ زمین شناسی زمین، جزر و مد ماه بر جزر و مد خورشیدی حدود ده ضریب غلبه کرده است. از این رو، سرعت چرخش زمین و روزها افزایش می یابد.
اما حدود دو میلیارد سال پیش، برآمدگیهای اتمسفر بزرگتر بودند، زیرا جو گرمتر بود و رزونانس طبیعی آن – فرکانس حرکت امواج در آن – با طول روز مطابقت داشت.
جو، مانند یک زنگ، با فرکانس تعیین شده توسط عوامل مختلف، از جمله دما، طنین انداز می شود. به عبارت دیگر، امواج – مانند امواجی که در اثر فوران عظیم آتشفشان کراکاتوآ در اندونزی در سال 1883 ایجاد شد – با سرعتی که توسط دمای آن تعیین میشود، از آن عبور میکنند. همین اصل توضیح می دهد که چرا یک زنگ در صورتی که دمای آن ثابت باشد، همیشه یک نت را تولید می کند.
در طول بیشتر تاریخ زمین، تشدید اتمسفر با سرعت چرخش سیاره همگام نبوده است. امروزه، هر یک از این دو «جندر بالا» جوی 22.8 ساعت طول می کشد تا به سراسر جهان سفر کنند. چون آن رزونانس و دوره چرخشی 24 ساعته زمین هماهنگ نیستند، جزر و مد جوی نسبتاً کوچک است.
اما در طول دوره میلیارد ساله مورد مطالعه، جو گرمتر بود و با دوره ای حدود 10 ساعت طنین انداز شد. همچنین، در ظهور آن دوران، چرخش زمین که توسط ماه کند شده بود، به 20 ساعت رسید.
وقتی رزونانس جوی و طول روز به عوامل زوج تبدیل شد – ده و 20 – جزر و مد جو تقویت شد، برآمدگی ها بزرگتر شدند و کشش جزر و مدی خورشید به اندازه کافی قوی شد تا با جزر و مد ماه مقابله کند.
موری می گوید: «این مانند هل دادن یک کودک روی تاب است. “اگر فشار شما و دوره چرخش هماهنگ نباشد، خیلی بالا نمی رود. اما اگر آنها هماهنگ باشند و شما فشار دهید درست زمانی که تاب در یک انتهای حرکت متوقف می شود، فشار وارد می شود. به شتاب نوسان می افزاید و بیشتر و بالاتر خواهد رفت. این همان چیزی است که با رزونانس و جزر و مد جوی اتفاق افتاد.”
موری و همکارانش همراه با شواهد زمینشناسی، با استفاده از مدلهای گردش جوی جهانی (GCM) برای پیشبینی دمای اتمسفر در این دوره به نتایج خود دست یافتند. GCM ها همان مدل هایی هستند که توسط اقلیم شناسان برای مطالعه گرمایش جهانی استفاده می شود. به گفته موری، این واقعیت که آنها در تحقیقات تیم بسیار خوب کار کردند یک درس به موقع است.
موری میگوید: «من با افرادی که نسبت به تغییرات آبوهوایی شک دارند صحبت کردهام که به مدلهای گردش جهانی که به ما میگویند در یک بحران اقلیمی هستیم، اعتقادی ندارند. “و من به آنها می گویم: ما از این مدل های گردش جهانی در تحقیقات خود استفاده کردیم و آنها درست متوجه شدند. آنها کار می کنند.”
با وجود دورافتادگی آن در تاریخ زمین شناسی، نتیجه چشم انداز بیشتری به بحران آب و هوا می افزاید. از آنجایی که رزونانس اتمسفر با دما تغییر میکند، موری اشاره میکند که اتمسفر گرمایش فعلی ما میتواند پیامدهایی در این عدم تعادل جزر و مدی داشته باشد.
همانطور که دمای زمین را با گرم شدن کره زمین افزایش می دهیم، فرکانس تشدید را نیز بالاتر می بریم — ما جو خود را از تشدید دورتر می کنیم. در نتیجه، گشتاور کمتری از خورشید و در نتیجه طول روز وجود دارد. طولانی تر خواهد شد، زودتر از آنچه در غیر این صورت بود.”
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