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   آموزه های سرمایه گذاری و اقتصاد

آموزه های سرمایه گذاری و اقتصاد
بازدید 399
   آموزه های سرمایه گذاری و اقتصاد

   ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ سرمایه گذاری:

ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺩﻏﺪﻏﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﺍﻥ ﺷﻬﺮﻱ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻬﺮﻱ ﺍﺳﺖ،ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﮔﻮﻧﺎﮔﻮﻥ ﺍﺟﺮﺍﻱ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩﻫﺎ ، ﺩﭼﺎﺭ ﭼﺎﻟﺶﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﺍﺳﺖ. ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺩﻻﻳﻞ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ ﻧﻘﺪﻳﻨﮕﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩ ﻧﺎﻡ ﺑﺮﺩ؛ ﺑﻪﻭﻳﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻬﺮﻱ، ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺫﺍﺗﻲ ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﻛﻪ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺩﺭﺁﻣﺪ ﻭ ﻫﺰﻳﻨﻪ، ﺗﻮﺃﻣﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺍﻧﺠﺎﻡ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ، ﺍﻳﻦ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﺪ.

ﺍﺯﺍﻳﻦﺭﻭ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻭﻛﺎﺭﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩﻫﺎ ﻭ سرمایه گذاری ﺑﺨﺶ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻲ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺷﻬﺮﻱ، ﺍﻫﻤﻴﺖ ﻓﺮﺍﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ﺍﺯ ﺳﻮﻱ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺎﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻧﻬﻔﺘﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩﻫﺎ، ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖ ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺎﻩ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻧﻴﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﻓﺮﺽ ﺑﺮ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻲﺷﻚ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﭘﺮﻭﮊﻩﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻛﺎﺭﻓﺮﻣﺎ (ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺷﻬﺮﻱ) ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﮔﺮﺩﺩ. ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱﻫﺎ، ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻬﺎﺩﻫﺎﻱ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻭ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﻧﺪ ﺑﺎ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﮔﻴﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﻲ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺖﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻭﻳﮋﮔﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﺁﻥ ﺷﻬﺮ ﻇﺮﻑ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺷﻬﺮﻱ ﺭﺍ ﺍﻧﺒﺎﺷﺘﻪ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﻪ ﻭ ﭘﻴﺸﺒﺮﺩ ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﻛﻼﻥﺷﻬﺮ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻴﺴﺮ ﺳﺎﺯﻧﺪ.

ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﺍﺳﺘﺎ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻮﺯﻩﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻏﻴﺐ ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺑﻪ ﻓﺮﺍﻫﻢ ﻧﻤﻮﺩﻥ ﺯﻣﻴﻨﻪ ﺟﺬﺏ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﭘﻴﺶﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﺻﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻭﺭﻭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺣﻮﺯﻩ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻤﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺁﺷﻨﺎﻳﻲ ﺷﻬﺮﺩﺍﺭﻳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺍﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ ﻭ ﻣﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ﭘﺮﺩﺍﺧﺘﻪ ﻣﻲ ﺷﻮﺩ.

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ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ:

ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻧﻘﺪﻱ، ﻣﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻣﻨﻘﻮﻝ ﻛﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺖﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺍﻇﻬﺎﺭ ﻭ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ. ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﻛﻠﻲ ﻫﺮﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳﻲ ﺑﻪﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻘﺪﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ ، ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﻱ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺑﺎﻧﻜﻲ ، ﺍﺭﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﻴﻦﺍﻟﻤﻠﻠﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺩﻻﺭ ﻭ ﻳﻮﺭﻭ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﻘﺪﻱ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﺠﻬﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺻﻨﻌﺘﻲ ، ﻣﺎﺷﻴﻦﺁﻻﺕ ، ﻣﻠﻚ ، ﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﻭ… ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ.

ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﺎﺑﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺍﺳﺖ . ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎﻱ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺴﺘﻪ ﺑﻪ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻛﻠﻤﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ، ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﻣﻌﻤﻮﻝ ، ﻛﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻣﺎﻟﻲ ﻭ ﭘﻮﻟﻲ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﻗﺎﺑﻞﺗﺒﺪﻳﻞ ﺑﻪ ﭘﻮﻝ ، ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺧﻮﺍﻧﺪﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ.

ﺟﻮﺍﻣﻊ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎﻳﻲ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻً ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮﻱ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ، ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻗﺒﺎﻱ ﺧﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ ، ﻋﻤﻠﻜﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻱ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ. ﺩﺭ ﻋﺼﺮ ﺣﺎﺿﺮ، ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻧﺴﺎﻧﻲ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﻫﻢ ﻧﻘﺪﻱ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻫﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﻘﺪﻱ . ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﻧﻘﺪﻱ ﻫﻤﺎﻥ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻧﻘﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﻘﺪﻱ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻳﻲﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ. ﺍﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎ ﭘﻮﻝ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻓﺮﻕ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ.

ﭘﻮﻝ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻧﻘﺪﻳﻨﮕﻲ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﺸﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺳﺘﺮﺱ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻭ ﻗﺎﺑﻞﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺍﻣﺎ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻣﺪﺕﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻭ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺗﺮﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺛﺮﻭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﻱ ، ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ. ﺑﻪﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥﻣﺜﺎﻝ : ﺑﺮﻧﺪﻫﺎ ، ﻧﺮﻡﺍﻓﺰﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻗﺒﻴﻞ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺛﺮﻭﺕ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻛﺮﺩ ، ﻧﻮﻋﻲ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﻣﺤﺴﻮﺏ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﻧﺪ. ﻫﺮﭼﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺛﺮﻭﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ ، ﻭﻟﻲ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﻪﺭﺍﺣﺘﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻳﻚ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺳﺎﻟﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻣﺎﻫﻴﺎﻧﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺛﺮﻭﺕ ، ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﮔﺬﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻤﻮﺩ.

ﺗﺎ ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﻧﺸﻮﺩ ، ﺑﻪﺗﻨﻬﺎﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺧﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻧﺨﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ. ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈﻮﺭ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﺛﺮﻭﺕ ، ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﻳﺪ ﺑﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺖ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻓﺖ ﭘﻮﻝ، ﻣﻬﺎﺭﺕ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺧﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺩﻫﻨﺪ ، ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺐ ﺷﻮﺩ. ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ، ﺑﻪ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺗﻮﻟﻴﺪ ﺛﺮﻭﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻮﺗﺎﻩﻣﺪﺕ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺑﻠﻨﺪﻣﺪﺕ، ﺍﺭﺯﺵ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻲ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ. ﻫﺮ ﻓﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺮﻛﺘﻲ ، ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺎ ﺭﺍﻩ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺍﻧﺪﺍﺯﺩ ﻭ ﺑﻪﺍﻳﻦﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻮﺩﺩﻫﻲ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﻧﻈﺮ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺩﺳﺖ ﭘﻴﺪﺍ ﻛﻨﺪ.

157805300

ﺭﻭﺵﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﻬﺮﻩﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﻱ ﺍﺯ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺮ ﻃﺒﻖ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺎﺯﻫﺎﻱ ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻪﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﻩ ﻣﻲﺷﻮﺩ. ﺍﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻭ ﺷﺮﻛﺖﻫﺎ ، ﻣﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧﻨﺪ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺧﻮﺩ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪ ﺷﺮﻛﺖ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﺷﺨﺺ ﺩﻳﮕﺮﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ، ﻭﺍﮔﺬﺍﺭ ﻛﻨﻨﺪ. ﺑﻪﺍﻳﻦﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ ﺭﻭﻧﺪ ﻓﺮﻭﺵ ﻭ ﮔﺮﺩﺵ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ، ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ ﭘﻴﺪﺍﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺳﻮﺩﺩﻫﻲ ﻣﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﺭﻳﺰﻱ ﺁﻥﻫﺎ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﻣﻲﺁﻳﺪ. ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﻳﻜﻲ ﺍﺯ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ ﺗﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻭ ﺑﺰﺭﮒﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﻭﺳﻴﻠﻪ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺬﺏ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻣﻲﺑﺎﺷﺪ. ﺑﻪ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺳﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺍﻋﻢ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻘﺪﻱ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻧﻘﺪﻱ ﺍﮔﺮ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻭﺷﻲ ﺩﺭﺳﺖ ﻣﻮﺭﺩﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﻗﺮﺍﺭ ﮔﻴﺮﺩ، ﺳﻮﺩ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺁﻥ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﻪﻣﺮﺍﺗﺐ ﺑﻬﺘﺮ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺸﺘﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ.

 آموزه های سرمایه گذاری و اقتصاد   آموزه های سرمایه گذاری۲   آموزه های سرمایه گذاری ۳
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